Adaptive synchronous protocol for minimizing latency in TDD systems

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are presented that offer significant improvements in the performance of time division duplex (TDD) systems by utilizing an adaptive synchronous protocol. Conventional TDD systems are limited because data is transmitted during discreet and limited intervals of time, and because TDD transceivers may not simultaneously transmit and receive for reasons of insufficiently separated frequencies and limited receiver selectivity. Typically, TDD systems have significant latency due to the time to change from transmission to reception and the propagation delay time. By synchronizing the master nodes and the one or more remotes and by scheduling the traffic loads between these nodes, remote nodes may begin transmitting before the master node is finished with its transmission, and vice versa. This method reduces latency and improves the frame efficiency. Further, the frame efficiency may improve as the distance from the master node to the remote node increases.

PRIORITY

This application claims the benefit of co-pending application Ser. No.15/894,598 filed Feb. 2, 2018 and application Ser. No. 14/918,516 filedOct. 20, 2015 (Now U.S. Pat. No. 9,935,764 issued Apr. 3, 2018),entitled “Adaptive Synchronous Protocol For Minimizing Latency In TDDSystems” and application Ser. No. 13/217,428 filed Aug. 25, 2011 (nowU.S. Pat. No. 9,247,512) by the same inventors which are allincorporated in their entirety by reference as if fully set forthherein.

BACKGROUND

A time-division duplex (“TDD”) system typically uses a single physicalchannel and carrier frequency. Further, a TDD system shares theinformation channel for both transmission and reception, where thetransmission and reception signals are spaced apart by multiplexing thetwo signals on a time basis. TDD systems may support data transmissions(e.g. data or digitized voice or video), transmitting a short burst ofdata in each direction. It is preferable that the transmission periodsare relatively short, so that there is minimal time delay detected forvoice transmissions and control messaging resulting from the time delaysintroduced by using TDD.

Conventionally TDD schemes specify a guard time between transmission andreception. The guard time provides a safety margin against symbolinterference in the time between sequential operations such astransmission, encoding, decoding or switching. This guard time should besufficient in order to allow the signals traveling from the remotetransmitter to arrive before a master node transmission is started andthe master node receiver is inhibited. In other words, the master nodeshould wait until the entire transmission from the remote node isreceived before the master node may begin transmitting. When changingbetween transmission and reception many times a second, even a smallguard time may reduce the efficiency of the system because the guardtime is idle time and is not used for transmission of information. ForTDD systems communicating over short distances, e.g. up to a mile, theguard time is normally small and has a minimal impact on systemperformance. For greater distances the size of the guard time may beproblematic because it must be set to a higher value.

Guard time and transmission length contribute to the latency in theoperation of a TDD system. Consequently TDD systems may not be suitablefor use over long distances as the guard time increases and the channelefficiency decreases. Thus, it would be beneficial to develop a methodand system that minimizes the latency and maximizes the frame efficiencyin a time division multiplex communication system.

SUMMARY

Disclosed here are systems and methods that offer significantimprovements in the performance of time division duplex (TDD) systems byutilizing an adaptive synchronous protocol. Conventional TDD systems arelimited because data is transmitted during discreet and limitedintervals of time, and because TDD transceivers may not simultaneouslytransmit and receive for reasons of insufficiently separated frequenciesand limited receiver selectivity. Typically, TDD systems havesignificant latency due to the time to change from transmission toreception and the propagation delay time. By synchronizing the masternodes and the one or more remotes and by scheduling the traffic loadsbetween these nodes, remote nodes may begin transmitting before themaster node is finished with its transmission, and vice versa. Thismethod reduces latency and improves the frame efficiency. Further, theframe efficiency may improve as the distance from the master node to theremote node increases.

The adaptive synchronous protocol for a TDD system may comprise a masternode and one or more remote nodes. The method may include steps such as:

-   -   a. Synchronizing the master node with the one or more remote        nodes, wherein synchronization is based on an external source,        wherein the master node receives ranging information;    -   b. Communicating from each of the one or more remote nodes to        the master node a traffic load to be transmitted from each of        the one or more remote nodes to the master node;    -   c. Scheduling the transmission of traffic loads from the master        node to the one or more remote nodes, and from the one or more        remote nodes to the master node wherein the master node does not        simultaneously transmit and receive, and each of the one or more        remote nodes do not simultaneously transmit and receive, and        scheduling is arranged with the transition time between transmit        and receive and receive and transmit minimized, and    -   d. Generating a schedule based on the transmission of the        traffic loads to and from the master node and each of the one or        more remote nodes;    -   e. Communicating the schedule to each of the one or more remote        nodes, or    -   f. Transmitting the traffic loads based upon the schedule to and        from the master node and the one or more remote nodes.

One or more of the steps presented above may be reiterated until adesired frame efficiency is realized.

The master node transmits a broadcast signal to and from the one or moreremote nodes in order to synchronize the one or more remote nodes. Thebroadcast signal may be a pre-amble or pilot message. The synchronizingsignal may initially be to determine the range. In addition thesynchronizing signal may be modified using techniques such as iteration,repetition and error correction. With the adaptive synchronous protocol,the one or more remote nodes may begin transmitting before the masternode is finished with its transmission, and the master node may begintransmitting before the one or more remote nodes is finished with itstransmission. The degree of overlap of the transmission of the masternode and the one or more remote nodes is proportional to the range(distance between the remote node and the master node).

The construction and method of operation of the invention, however,together with additional objectives and advantages thereof will be bestunderstood from the following description of specific embodiments whenread in connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasisinstead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the presentspecification. In the figures, like reference numerals designatecorresponding parts throughout the different views.

FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional embodiment where the nodes are idleafter transmitting data while waiting to receive a transmission from theother side.

FIG. 2 illustrates the percentage reduction in system overhead accordingto certain embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates a single link example according to certain aspects ofthe present specification.

FIG. 4 shows a graphical depiction of a multi-node system according tocertain aspects of the present specification.

FIG. 5A illustrates part of a comparison for 5 microsecond propagationtime between host and remote sites for certain conventional applicationsand embodiments according to the current disclosure.

FIG. 5B illustrates another part of a comparison for 5 microsecondpropagation time between host and remote sites for certain conventionalapplications and embodiments according to the current disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example with asymmetrical traffic loads between amaster node and two remote nodes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This application should be read in the most general possible form. Thisincludes, without limitation, the following:

References to specific techniques include alternative and more generaltechniques, especially when discussing aspects of the invention, or howthe invention might be made or used.

References to contemplated causes and effects for some implementationsdo not preclude other causes or effects that might occur in otherimplementations.

References to reasons for using particular techniques do not precludeother reasons or techniques, even if completely contrary, wherecircumstances would indicate that the stated reasons or techniques arenot as applicable.

Furthermore, the invention is not limited to the specifics of anyparticular embodiments and examples disclosed herein. Many othervariations are possible which remain within the content, scope andspirit of the invention, and these variations would become clear tothose skilled in the art after reading this application.

Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below tosimplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examplesand are not intended to be limiting. In addition, the present disclosuremay repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples.This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and doesnot in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodimentsand/or configurations discussed.

Lexicography

Read this application with the following terms and phrases in their mostgeneral form. The general meaning of each of these terms or phrases isillustrative, not in any way limiting.

The terms “symbol rate”, “baud rate”, “modulation rate” and the likegenerally refer to the number of symbol changes (waveform changes orsignaling events) made to the transmission medium per second using adigitally modulated signal or a line code.

The term “guard time” generally refers to a time interval left vacant(i.e., during which no data is sent) on a transmission channel that canbe used for synchronization and/or compensating for a signal distortion.Conventionally, the guard time provides a safety margin against symbolinterference in the time between sequential operations such astransmission, encoding, decoding or switching.

The phrase “processing device” generally refers to an electronic devicecapable of being programmed to execute instructions. These instructionsmay be persisted in memory for execution by the processor, or theprocessing device may be configured to execute instructions directly. Aprocessing device generally includes a form of input/output such thatthe results of the processing are made available for further processingor to perform a task in another stage of processing. A processing deviceis made operable by providing and or executing instructions.

The phrase “access point”, the term “AP”, and the like, generally referto devices capable of wireless communication with wireless devices andcapable of either wired or wireless communication with other devices. Insome embodiments, AP's communicate with external devices using a localnetwork. However, there is no particular requirement that AP's have anactual wired communication link; AP's might communicate entirelywirelessly.

For the present specification, a “master node” may be referred to as anaccess point or AP and remote nodes may also be referred to as clientstations or stations.

The term “orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing” or OFDM generallyrefers to a frequency-division multiplexing (“FDM”) scheme used as adigital multi-carrier modulation method. A large number ofclosely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers are used to carry data. The datais divided into several parallel data streams or channels, one for eachsub-carrier. Each sub-carrier may be modulated with a conventionalmodulation scheme at a relatively low symbol rate, maintaining totaldata rates similar to conventional single-carrier modulation schemes inthe same bandwidth.

The term “Latency” in the transport of packetized information over aradio link generally refers to the interval of time from the receptionof an information packet at the sending node to the end of reception ofthat packet at the destination node. (A packet may be generated by anapplication in the sending node, or it may have arrived to that node onsome communication channel for transmission.)

Conventional Systems

In packet transportation systems latency may result from several causesincluding, but not limited to:

-   -   a. processing time at the sending node (e.g. encoding, etc.),    -   b. queuing for transmission,    -   c. transmission propagation delay (length of the encoded packet        divided by the data rate), or    -   d. processing of the packet at the receiving node (e.g.        decoding, etc.)

Time-division duplex (TDD) introduces additional queuing delay for muchof the traffic due to unavailability of the transmission medium duringreception, turn-around intervals or medium acquisition attempts imposedby the communication protocol.

The guard time specified for TDD systems generally comprises twoelements:

-   -   a. The time specified for the propagation delay for any        transmission from the remote transmitter to arrive at the        receiver. This time requirement may depend upon the distances        involved, and it may take approximately 3.3 microseconds to        travel a kilometer, or approximately 5.3 microseconds to travel        one mile.    -   b. The time specified for the radio to change from reception to        transmission. Switching speeds may vary considerably between TDD        systems and may require a few microseconds to switch form        receive to transmit and vise versa. If the transmit to receive        switching time is fast, the system performance may be improved.

Latency introduced by a TDD link is often dominated by the delay imposedon the data queued up to be transmitted by a node, where the data isheld in the transmit buffer because the node is in the receive mode.

FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art TDD system. Specifically, FIG. 1 showsthe exchange of data between master node A and remote node B, with thetime lost due to latency. In this case the propagation delay is asignificant fraction of the frame duration, so that when the nodes areidle for much of the time—neither transmitting nor receiving. FIG. 1illustrates an example of why it is preferable for the TDD systems touse long frames with longer propagation delays (e.g. on the order of 10μsec.). And this situation places TDD links at a distinct disadvantagecompared to frequency division duplex (FDD) links with respect tolatencies.

On FIG. 1, the labels T1 to T9 indicate the timing events for a singlelink transmission between master node A and remote node B. At time T1,master node A begins transmitting a traffic load to remote node B. Dueto the propagation delay, the transmission does not reach remote node Buntil time T5. Hence, the propagation delay is T5−T1. The master node Acontinues to transmit until time T2, and the final transmission frommaster node A is received at remote node B at time T6. Remote node Bthen stops receiving and begins transmitting. The time for thistransition is time T7−T6. At time T7, the remote node B beginstransmitting a traffic load to master node A. Due to the propagationdelay, the initial transmission does not reach master node A until timeT3. Hence, the propagation delay is T3−T7 (which equal to T5−T1 when thenodes are in fixed position relative to one another). The remote node Bcontinues to transmit until time T8, and the final transmission fromremote node B is received at master node A at time T4. Master node Athen stops receiving and begins transmitting at time T9. The time forthis transition is time T9−T4.

In the aforementioned sequence, the frame length is defined as timeT9−T1. The frame efficiency for a node is defined as the ratio of thesum of the time for transmission plus the time for receiving, divided bythe total frame time. Thus, for the master node A, the frame efficiencyis ((T2−T1)+(T4−T3))/(T9−T1).

Conventional practice in terrestrial wireless communications may use thefollowing ranges of values: frame of 2 to 20 milliseconds, symbol time(1/baud) 3 μsec to <200 μsec for multicarrier (OFDM) systems,turn-around time from 20 μsec to over 100 μsec (shorter delays arefeasible with some additional circuitry).

Conventional TDD embodiments as illustrated in FIG. 1 may have thefollowing characteristics:

-   -   a. Data transmitted during defined and limited intervals of        time, typically not exceeding several milliseconds (such as TDD        systems).    -   b. Transceivers that may not simultaneously transmit and receive        for reasons of insufficiently separated frequencies and limited        receiver selectivity.

The present specification is directed to improve the performance of TDDembodiments with the aforementioned characteristics. Therefore thepresent specification focuses on media access control (MAC) sub-layerinduced latencies and not specifically on delays owing to retransmissionof information due to repeat requests or timeouts triggered by lostacknowledgements.

Time Synchronization

One element of the adaptive synchronous protocol is timesynchronization. In this regard, the protocol specifies that mediumaccess timing is compatible with the way data are packetized orsegmented for transmission. Time synchronization is enabled by a commonclock or time reference, accurate to within fraction of a symbol (asthis has direct bearing on the achievable efficiencies). This timesynchronization may be enabled by sources such as GPS or carrierrecovery loops recovering high frequency broadcast signals or any otherglobal time reference.

With external synchronization, the remote nodes may begin transmittingbefore the master node is finished with its transmission. The degree ofoverlap is proportional to the distance between the remote and masternodes and allows for the time delay associated with the free spacepropagation of electromagnetic waves. This technique allows for themaximum utilization of the temporal bandwidth available in TDD/TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access) systems.

The methods of the present specification describe minimizing latency andexcessive frame-induced delay in moderate and long range packet datasystems. In conventional synchronous frame-based time division duplexsystem, subscriber or remote stations are coordinated in timed slotsthat allow for the maximum system capacity. Typically, the remote radiois assigned a time-slot based on its distance from the base or masterstation. The current practice and state of the art is to providetime-slots for close-in subscriber/remotes earlier in the frame and toplace more distant subscriber/remotes later in the frame. The reason forthis structure is to reduce the overhead and allow for the finitepropagation speed of the radio signals carrying the packet data traffic.In free space conditions, the velocity of radio waves is approximately3×10{circumflex over ( )}8 m/s. Therefore radio waves may require morethan 5 μs for a radio wave to travel 1 mile. In radio systems that aredesigned to operate over moderately long distances, this requires theconventional slotting mechanisms to leave a large amount of time (theproduct of time and data bandwidth is the measure of capacity and thusone key resource in TDMA systems) unused as the communication protocolwaits for the propagation of the master station's map (instructions tothe remote station) and the remote stations' response carrying traffic.This delay may impose a very significant penalty in traffic carryingcapacity in a system with distant subscribers.

One having skill in the art will understand that the further distancethe remote node is from the master node, the data rate may be a lowervalue. Also, the frame efficiency is maximized as distance betweenmaster nodes and one or more remotes increases.

Referring to FIG. 1, if the master node and remote nodes are separatedby a distance of 50 miles (indicated by the distance from A to B in FIG.1). At t=0 the master station sends instructions to the listeningremotes that indicate when to transmit in the upcoming uplink portion ofthe frame. This information takes 50*5.3 μs=267 μs (time T5−T1) to reachthe intended recipient at the remote end. Then, the remote node waitsuntil the specified time in the following frame (perhaps 5 μs) totransmit. The signal from the remote node is sent and it alsoexperiences the equivalent free-space propagation delay in the processof sending its packet data information back to the master station. Totalround trip delay for the transaction from request to send and receive is5.5 μs.

Minimizing Air-Time Delay

The present specification offers a method which minimizes the air-timedelay and may be described as follows:

Assuming the same conditions exist as described above (50 mileseparation), this method allows for the traffic from the downlink(master node originated traffic) to be generated and sent (transmitted)at the exact same instant that data carrying traffic is generated andsent (transmitted) by the remote node. This is enabled by the provisionof time reference from a common external source, such as a GPS signal.In this embodiment, at T1=0 both the master node and remote node maybegin to transmit so that the information carrying packet data radiosignals pass each other at a point that is physically half way betweenthe locations of the master and remote station. In this particular casethe radio packets cross each other at a point that is 25 miles from eachof the end points. Assuming a worst case of 1 frame latency for mapdecoding, the latency may be improved by 0.5 μs over the previousexample. This represents an improvement in system traffic carryingcapacity of at least 9%. The greater the distance between the end pointsof the links, the greater the benefit of this method of trafficsynchronization.

References in the specification to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”,“an example embodiment”, etc., indicate that the embodiment describedmay include a particular feature, structure or characteristic, but everyembodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structureor characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referringto the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure orcharacteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it issubmitted that it is within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill inthe art to effect such feature, structure or characteristic inconnection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.Parts of the description are presented using terminology commonlyemployed by those of ordinary skill in the art to convey the substanceof their work to others of ordinary skill in the art.

FIG. 2 illustrates the percent reduction in system overhead as afunction of the distance in miles between the nodes. The vertical axisrepresents the performance gain and the horizontal axis represents thelink distance in miles. Per FIG. 2, a 50 mile distance between the nodesmay result in a 10% reduction in system overhead.

System overhead may occur at the master node under at least twoconditions: 1) if the receiver is transitioning to the transmitter, andvice versa, and 2) if the master node operations is restricted due tothe scheduling.

In general, the capacity of the system increases if transmissions arescheduled to arrive at the destination when the receiver is ready andthe interference is low. For example and without limitation, it ispossible to eliminate the idle time at both ends of the link, byensuring that either the transmitter or the receiver is active, or atleast not prevented from operating because of waiting for the signalspropagating to or from the other end of the link. This performanceimprovement is achieved by concurrent transmissions by the nodes, and istimed in such a way that the signals arrive at the intended destinationsat the available intervals of time. The minimum duration oftransmissions has to be a fraction of the propagation time and theturn-around times and may be as short as possible in order to achievethe desired improvement in capacity. This situation may cause thescheduling of transmissions to be different for the nearby remote nodesthan for the nodes farther away.

FIG. 3 illustrates a single link example according to certain aspects ofthe present specification. Here master node A transmits during theperiod of T2−T1 and that transmission is received by remote node Bduring the time period T6−T5. Note that this embodiment is moreefficient than conventional systems because remote node B istransmitting in the time period T8−T7, whereas conventional systemswould not both be transmitting at the same time. The remote node B stopsits transmission just before the traffic load from master node A arrivesat remote node B. Similarly, the traffic load transmitted by remote nodeB first arrives at master node A after master node A has stoppedtransmitting. Therefore the communication is successful since thetraffic loads are scheduled such that the master node does notsimultaneously transmit and receive, and each of the one or more remotenodes do not simultaneously transmit and receive, and the scheduling isarranged with the transition time (the time changing from transmittingto receiving) is minimized. Moreover, the transition time is minimizedat all the remote nodes.

In the example shown in FIG. 3, there is almost no idle time becausemaster node A is transmitting or receiving a higher percentage of thetime than with conventional systems. This increase in efficiency isillustrated by the small values for T3−T2 and T9−T4.

For example and without limitation, elements of the current disclosure,as applied to the access/aggregation point in a network having a numberof remote nodes, have the affect of reducing the idle time of thataccess point (master node) while at the same time making the frameduration as short as possible under the hardware and time resolutionconstraints. FIG. 3 shows how the frame duration may be made comparableto or shorter than the propagation time from the master node to theperiphery of the network.

FIG. 4 shows a graphical depiction of a multi-node system according tocertain aspects of the present specification. This embodiment may beused to greatly improve network traffic carrying capacity and reduce MACoverhead to a minimum thereby resulting in large improvements indelivered data rates, especially if the remote nodes are a largedistance from the master node.

In FIG. 4, master node A sends data (dotted pattern) to multiple remotes(B, C, D, E) located at varying distances and receives data from theremote nodes (cross hatched pattern) and potentially achieves fullutilization. The TDD system of FIG. 4 may operate on similar principlesas those described for FIG. 3.

The use of scheduling for the uplink transmissions minimizes collisionsat the aggregation point receiver which may operate continuously exceptwhen transmitting and during the turn-around part of the frame. Onehaving skill in the art will appreciate that directional antennas withsufficient front-to-back ratios may be used to minimize the affect ofsignals emanating from “wrong” directions (such as node C receivingsignals from A while an uplink signals from D and E are passing it onthe way to A).

Ranging

For the present specification timing and scheduling may include theremote node knowing when the master node may be in the receive mode. Itis also preferable that the remote node have a sufficiently accuratepropagation time estimate and timing reference before transmitting. Moreaccurate time references and propagation delay estimates may result inimproved time utilization and efficiency. For example and withoutlimitation, a sufficiently accurate propagation time estimate may mean aframe efficiency of greater than 50%.

The initial process of synchronizing the remote nodes to the master nodemay require an exchange of information between the master node and eachremote node. One conventional approach is for the master node to emitbroadcast signals (called pre-amble or pilot messages) which the remotenodes are pre-programmed to recognize and measure the time of arrival.Hence, synchronization is obtained by the master node transmitting abroadcast signal to one of the one or more remote nodes. One skilled inthe art will recognize that there are other methods to synchronize thenodes and that ranging may be dynamic and employ multiple iterationsunder different conditions including error correction to optimizesynchronization.

The rate of emission of these messages is determined by the accuracy ofthe time reference of the remote nodes and the achievable and tolerablegaps between the uplink transmissions from the remote nodes to themaster node that at the same time keep temporal overlap between thesuccessive uplink messages to a negligible level. There are identifiableopportunities for the remote nodes to send registration/ranging messagesso that the round-trip propagation delay may be established for eachremote node. For example and without limitation, schedules for suchtransmissions and receptions may be developed based on at least twosituations. First, the master node collects and integrates theinformation based on its knowledge of the messages to be transmitted tothe remote nodes. Second, the remote nodes notify the master node oftheir intent to transmit message(s) to the master node.

Scheduling

The master node may create a schedule from this information and mayimpose this schedule on the one or more remote nodes. This scheduleprovides a plan for the transmission and reception operation at themaster nodes and each remote node and may offer scheduling choices tothe remote nodes. Specifically, the schedule may include a plan (thatmay include options) for when each node transmits and what traffic loadwill be transmitted during that transmission period. The method of thepresent specification is dynamic inasmuch as the schedule may be revisedor adapted during a transmission period, i.e. on a frame by frame basis.The action for the master node to give permission to a remote node totransmit may be called a request grant protocol.

Periodically, confirmation (periodic ranging) messages may be sent infixed-location systems and may be sent relatively infrequently. Once aremote node obtains ranging information and registers with the masternode, it enters normal communication mode. A normal communication modemeans that the remote node is ready to exchange user data (not justpreparatory handshakes). More frequent confirmation messages may berequired for mobile remote nodes.

The scheduling process may entail the remote nodes listening to thepertinent control messages from the master node and refraining fromtransmission at those times. Thus, the remote nodes refrain fromtransmitting based on control messages from the master node.

For better efficiency of traffic loads, especially larger frames, thefollowing one or more of message handshakes may be useful. Thehandshakes include:

-   -   a. Communicating from one or more remote nodes to the master        node the remote node's desire to transmit the remote node's        traffic loads (using contention intervals);    -   b. Sending available transmission options from the master node        to one of the remote nodes (these may be discrete intervals of        time); and    -   c. Selection by one of the remote nodes of an option with        registration and ranging message information and notifying the        master node regarding the remote node's selection.

Another aspect of the current disclosure is the granularity of thetransmission intervals, in particular the frame size. For example andwithout limitation, the frame size may be a small multiple of the symbolsize. It may also be important for the system clock to have sufficientaccuracy and precision for the method of the present specification toprovide optimal effectiveness. For example, each transmission has tostart with a recognizable pattern that together with the expected timeof arrival permits the receiver to decode the transmitted data. Thetighter the timing window, the simpler the start-of-transmission header,although there may be a limit imposed by the RF channel with multipathand fading effects. One having skill in the art will recognize that atradeoff between less restrictive conditions on the transmitter and amore complex and intensive processing at the receiver may allow for amore extensive correlation process to recognize more allowable andfeasible signals.

Multi-Sector Cells

Intra-cell synchronization is feasible with coordination between thesector APs, where a sector AP does not receive a signal while anothersector AP in same cluster is transmitting on the same or adjacentfrequency or channel. This aspect may be preferable in TDD systemsbecause the isolation between the sector transceivers is generallyinsufficient for independent operation, loss due to orientation andphysical separation, polarization, and frequency separation. Theinter-symbol interval (an allowance for inaccuracy in timing) may be 200nanoseconds (60 meters in the air), with assumed error in ranging ofless than 10 nanoseconds. With a conventional approach, the queuingdelay increases proportionally to the round-trip delay per frame.

Master Node and Multiple Remotes

FIG. 5A illustrates a TDM system with a master node A and remote nodes Band C. For example, and without limitation, the distance between masternode A and remote node B is 1.5 km and has a propagation time of 5 μsec.This example of an OFDM system with symbols of duration 16 μsec, showsthe AP transmitting 4-symbols for a period of 64.2 μsec interleaved withthe 4-symbol reception intervals of 64.2 μsec. (The 4 symbols areillustrated on FIG. 5A by the labels “1”, “2”, “3”, and “4”.) Thisexample may be applicable to the case of a processing system using 64FFT, 5 MHz clock and ¼ CP and 200 nsec, although this example is merelyillustrative.

For short links, such as the embodiment of FIG. 5A, the benefit ofembodiments of the present specification may be modest. As illustratedin FIG. 5B, the method of the present specification is applied and showsthe “B” node transmitting to Node “A” before the A node has completedits transmission to the remote nodes. It is noted that the master nodestops transmitting before the remote node transmission is received.

As the links get longer, certain benefits of the present specificationbecome more apparent. For example, the total delay in delivering thedata communication increases by the incremental propagation time in onedirection and the capacity of the AP is not reduced by the idle periodsbetween the end-of-transmit and start-of-receive operation. This way thechoice of the duration of transmit and receive periods is not dictatedby the tolerable efficiency/latency tradeoff, but becomes a tradeoffbetween acceptable efficiency and achievable accuracy of synchronizationbetween the AP and the remotes.

Consider an example where the distance between master node A and remotenode B is 6 km and has a propagation time of 20 μsec. With the greaterdistance between master node A and remote node B, the example may have agreater frame efficiency as compared to the example of FIG. 5B. Hence,the frame efficiency may increase as distance between master nodes andone or more remotes increases.

As another example, if one station in a communications link is installedso that two transceivers (such as “B” and “C” in FIG. 5B) are notinterfering with each other, then one station may receive signals fromnode A while the other is transmitting. Such installations may beeffectuated using modest (i.e. several meters) separation betweens nodeB and node C and optimized antenna patterns. Otherwise the basic datasegment duration may be a fraction of the one-way propagation delay.This aspect may be more readily realized with a single-carrier physicallayer (PHY), where the individual symbols are on the order of 100nanoseconds. In the case of multicarrier PHY, the symbol duration may bechanged by the FFT size.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example with asymmetrical traffic loads between amaster node and two remote nodes. Here, by way of example, there is onesymbol transmitted from an “A” node (the master node) to remote node B(S1) and 2 symbols transmitted (S3 and S4) from the master node A toremote node C, thus illustrating the increase in the frame efficiency.

In FIG. 6A, signal S1 arrives at remote node B, is processed by remotenode B, and reply signal R1 is transmitted. As shown in this example,the master node A also transmits signals S3 and S4 intended for remotenode C during the time that signal S1 is traveling to and beingprocessed by remote node B. This allows for the master node A to receiveand process reply signal R1 while signals S3 and S4 are traveling, beingprocessed, and replies (R3 and R4) travel back to the master node A.

Signal S3 and S4 travel to remote node C, are processed and replies R3and R4 are received at node A. In the example shown, the remote nodes Cis twice the distance from the master node A, and the latencies for eachunit are substantially equal. However, in practice, this is unlikely tobe the case. Here, signals S5, S6 and S7 illustrate other signalactivity by the master node A. The quantity and timing of these signals(S5-S7) would generally be in response to the systematic timing of thesignal operation described above.

One having skill in the art will recognize from the example of FIG. 6Athat latencies of the master node and the various remote nodes are someof the parameters that determine the timing for efficient datatransmission. A transmission schedule may be developed taking intoaccount the amount (and transmission time) of data, the inherentlatencies of a node, the distance between the stations and the like.

FIG. 6B illustrate an alternative timing scheme. In FIG. 6B the masternode A transmits signal S8 to remote node C. In this example, remotenode C is further from the master node A than remote node A and willconsequently have a longer travel time. (Remote node C may also have alonger latency.) If the time from the completed transmission of signalS8 and the anticipated reply signal R8 is sufficient, the master node Amay communicate with remote node B by sending signal S9 and receivingreply R9. Although this example is shown with signals arriving in order,there is no reason to limit this disclosure in that regard. For example,and without limitation, signal R8 could arrive before signal R9, and acommunications schedule could provide for that operation when thecommunication parameters allow.

For reference purposes only, it is noted that latencies of severalhundred microseconds are common in the packet wireless communicationsystems. For comparison, it is noted that long term evolution (LTE),which is FDD, packs 7 symbols (6 in a long-CP mode for high delay spreadenvironments) in 500 μsec. The specifications of a number ofpoint-to-point FDD packet systems may also have delays on the order of200 μsec. Even “bit-pipe” systems need some time to deal with forwarderror correction. The propagation delay may affect these cases.

One having skill in the art will notice that as the links get longer fora particular case of point-to-point operation, the distinction between“master node” and “remote node” may become arbitrary or artificial.

Processing Steps

The adaptive synchronous protocol as disclosed herein may employ one ormore of the following steps to optimize implementation. These stepsinclude, but are not limited to:

-   -   a. Synchronizing the master node with the one or more remote        nodes, wherein synchronization is based on an external source        and the master node receives ranging information.    -   b. Communicating from each of the one or more remote nodes to        the master node traffic load information to be transmitted from        each of the one or more remote nodes to the master node. The        traffic node information may include, but is not limited to,        payload information, timing information, synchronization        information and the like.    -   c. Scheduling the transmission of traffic loads from the master        node to remote nodes, and from the one or more remote nodes to        the master node so that the master node does not simultaneously        transmit and receive, and each of the remote nodes do not        simultaneously transmit and receive, and scheduling is arranged        with the transition time minimized. The transition time being        the time changing from transmitting to receiving, and from        receiving to transmitting at the master node and at the remote        nodes.    -   d. Generating a schedule based on the transmission of the        traffic loads to and from the master node and each of the remote        nodes.    -   e. Communicating a schedule to each of the remote nodes.    -   f. Transmitting the traffic loads based upon the schedule to and        from the master node and the remote nodes.

One having skill in the art will appreciate that the steps describedabove may be repeated as needed to effectuate maximum frame efficiency.Also, ranging, scheduling and processing may be carried out by variousequipment that constitute a network. Accordingly, the steps describedherein may be distributed among different equipment (master nodes,remote nodes, APs, controllers, and the like) all working in tandem toeffectuate the desired result.

The master node may transmit a broadcast signal to the remote nodes orreceive a broadcast signal from the remote nodes in order to synchronizethe remote nodes. The broadcast signal may comprise a pre-amble, a pilotmessage and the like.

With the adaptive synchronous protocol and an external synchronizationsource, the one or more remote nodes may begin transmitting before themaster node is finished with its transmission, and the master node maybegin transmitting before the one or more remote nodes is finished withits transmission as allowed by propagation delay and data packettransmission duration.

The degree of overlap of the transmission of the master node and the oneor more remote nodes is proportional to the distance between the remotenode and the master node. Communication is facilitated based on aschedule of planned traffic loads from the master node to the one ormore remote nodes, and from the one or more remote nodes to the masternode,

The above illustration provides many different embodiments orembodiments for implementing different features of the invention.Specific embodiments of components and processes are described to helpclarify the invention. These are, of course, merely embodiments and arenot intended to limit the invention from that described in the claims.

Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodiedin one or more specific examples, it is nevertheless not intended to belimited to the details shown, since various modifications and structuralchanges may be made therein without departing from the spirit of theinvention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims.Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construedbroadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the invention, asset forth in the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a master node, said masternode coupled to a network; one or more remote nodes wirelessly coupledto the master node through the network; a time reference; and a scheduleof planned traffic loads from the master node to the one or more remotenodes, wherein the schedule is based at least partially on a propagationtime between the master node and at least one of the one or more remotenodes, wherein the schedule is arranged to maximize frame efficiency forcommunications between the master node and the one or more remote nodes.2. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more remote nodes begintransmitting before the master node is finished with its transmission,and the master node begins transmitting before the one or more remotenodes is finished with its transmission.
 3. The system of claim 2,wherein a degree of temporal overlap of the transmission by the masternode and the transmission by at least one of the one or more remotenodes is proportional to a distance between the at least one of the oneor more remote nodes and the master node.
 4. A system communicationsystem including: a master node, said master node coupled to a wirelessnetwork; one or more remote nodes, said one or more remote nodes coupledto the master node with a wireless data link; data consisting of one ormore data symbols, wherein the data symbols are contained in one or moreframes; and a schedule of planned traffic loads from the master node tothe one or more remote nodes, wherein the schedule is based at leastpartially on a propagation time between the master node and at least oneof the one or more remote nodes, wherein the schedule is arranged tomaximize frame efficiency and for communications between the master nodeand the one or more remote nodes.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein aframe size represents selected data transmitted in one frame as theframe is transmitted across a transmission medium, wherein the framesize is allocated as a whole integer multiple of data symbols, andwherein the frame size is determined, at least in part, by a propagationtime of data symbols transmitted between the master node and the one ormore remote nodes.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the scheduleinstructs the master node to send at least one request grant protocol tothe one or more remote nodes, wherein a request grant protocol sent to aremote node of the one or more remote nodes provides permission for theremote node to transmit one or more frames, and wherein the frames aresent during one or more transmission periods.
 7. The system of claim 6,wherein the schedule instructs the master node and the one or moreremote nodes to avoid network traffic collisions via at least: a timereference and, the sending of one or more of the at least one requestgrant protocol to the one or more remote nodes, wherein the one or morerequest grant protocols coordinate alternating transmission periods offrames sent by either the master node or the one or more remote nodes.8. The system of claim 5, wherein the schedule instructs the master nodeand the one or more remote nodes to simultaneously transmit data, andwherein said simultaneous transmission occurs approximately until datasymbols arrive at either the master node or the one or more remote nodesacross a transmission medium.
 9. The system of claim 4, wherein anend-of-transmit instruction causes the master node or a remote node ofthe one or more remote nodes to cease transmitting, wherein astart-of-receive instruction causes the master node or a remote node ofthe one or more remote nodes to begin receiving, and wherein atransition time denotes a delay between reception of the end-of-transmitinstruction and reception of the start-of-receive instruction.
 10. Thesystem of claim 9, wherein the schedule instructs the master node andthe one or more remote nodes to simultaneously transmit, and wherein theschedule causes the transmission of the end-of-transmission instructionand the start-of-receive instruction to the master node and the one ormore remote nodes approximately before data symbols arrive at either themaster node or the one or more remote nodes across a transmissionmedium.
 11. The system of claim 4, wherein the master node periodicallysends one or more ranging messages to at least one of the one or moreremote nodes, wherein the one or more ranging messages determine adistance between the master node and the at least one of the one or moreremote nodes, wherein a frame size is decreased when the distancebetween the master node and the at least one of the one or more remotenodes is decreased, and wherein the frame size is increased when thedistance between the master node and the at least one of the one or moreremote nodes is increased.
 12. The system of claim 4, wherein a degreeof temporal overlap of transmission by the master node and transmissionby at least one of the one or more remote nodes is proportional to adistance between the at least one of the one or more remote node and themaster node.
 13. The system of claim 4, wherein the schedule instructsthe one or more remote nodes to enter a listening state and await one ormore pertinent control messages from the master node, and wherein theone or more remote nodes refrain from transmitting data while in thelistening state.
 14. The system of claim 4, wherein the system employsat least one of either a time-division or an orthogonalfrequency-division multiplexing communications scheme.
 15. A systemcomprising: a master node, said master node coupled to a network; one ormore remote nodes wirelessly coupled to the master node through thenetwork; a time reference; and a schedule of planned traffic loads fromthe master node to the one or more remote nodes, wherein the schedule isbased at least partially on a propagation time between the master nodeand at least one of the one or more remote nodes, wherein the scheduleis arranged to maximize frame efficiency for communications between themaster node and the one or more remote nodes, and the schedule istransmitted to at least one remote node.
 16. The system of claim 15wherein the one or more remote nodes begin transmitting before themaster node is finished with its transmission, and the master nodebegins transmitting before the one or more remote nodes is finished withits transmission.
 17. The system of claim 16 wherein a degree oftemporal overlap of the transmission by the master node and thetransmission by at least one of the one or more remote nodes isproportional to a distance between the at least one of the one or moreremote nodes and the master node.
 18. The system of claim 15, whereinthe schedule instructs the one or more remote nodes to enter a listeningstate and await one or more pertinent control messages from the masternode, and wherein the one or more remote nodes refrain from transmittingdata while in the listening state.
 19. The system of claim 15, whereinthe system employs at least one of either a time-division or anorthogonal frequency-division multiplexing communications scheme. 20.The system of claim 15, wherein the master node periodically sends oneor more ranging messages to at least one of the one or more remotenodes, wherein the one or more ranging messages determine a distancebetween the master node and the at least one of the one or more remotenodes, wherein a frame size is decreased when the distance between themaster node and the at least one of the one or more remote nodes isdecreased, and wherein the frame size is increased when the distancebetween the master node and the at least one of the one or more remotenodes is increased.